Twentieth century hand-book for steam engineers and electricians with questions and answers; a practical non-technical treatise .. (1913)
Swingle, Calvin Franklin, 1846- [from old catalog] · Chicago, F. J. Drake & company · leaf 271
ends, making them almost asgood as new. All tube failures reduce to four classes: (1) Pitting, which causes pin holes to be formed. (2) Defective welds, which cause the tube to open, asin A, Fig. 101. 258 Steam Engineering (3) An initial bagging resulting in a rupture, as in B. (4) Scabbing and… … Fig. 101photogeaphs showing distention of tubes at point of RUPTURE In the other cases, the tubes become larger than theiroriginal size, hence they cannot be drawn through the tubesheet, water-leg or header, unless they are split and collapsedinch by inch for their entire length beyond the point…
