may be inferred that , in bridges of this kind , the gross sectional area of the bottom flange may always be made the same as that of the top flange , hence it is not necessary to calculate the section of the latter . The loss through rivet holes with rivets of any constant diameter necessarily… … between the bars . In the cross sec Fig . 716 . — Main Joint . , tion dd are the bars of a strut , ff being those of a tie , and gg are the uprights which are carried on the ends of the screwed bolt . A hollow cast iron distance piece e surrounds the bolt cc , preserving the proper distance between…
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