the incident pencil is made more convergent by refraction, theconstruction is the same and it will be found that a real di-minished image of P is always formed nearer the lens thanthe point P itself. * 84. Formulae connected with direct refractionat a spherical surface. Let QR, fig. 102, be an… … Fig. 102. AOR = e. Then RQO = 6 - <f>, RqO = 6 - <j>. When R is very near to A,RQ becomes equal to u, Rq to v. Put RN equal to a. Then from the figure when R is near A, i.e. when the incidence isdirect, sin 6=- sin (0-0)=- sin(0-0)=-> T U V and since when an angle is small it may be…
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