ler waste-pipes and over-flows empty themselves so as to run through the gratingat A. The fouler sink and scullery wastes are supposedto be brought into the drain by the pipe b. The sewer-airis prevented from entering the sink-pipes and so passinginto the house by the water-trap; and even if… … grating at A, and be harmlessly distributed. Fig. 27exhibits this method of ventilating the soil-pipe of thewater-closets. A sigmoidal bend is attached to thebase of the closet as usual, and from this there rises upan air pipe of wide diameter d to a few feet above theeaves. This pipe ventilates…