Kirkman, Marshall Monroe, 1842-1921 · New York, Chicago, The World Railway Publishing Company · leaf 256
n on the side of the ditch toward the roadbed. This affords ready access for the Water coming from the slope, and prevents overflowing on the side of the road. The size of surface ditches should be sufficient to carry off the rainfall from the slope on which they are dug ; they should be straight,… … cause the track to sink in the wet earth, and " churn," resulting in a rough riding track. To prevent this and also the " heaving " of track by frost in winter, a layer of porous material called "ballast" is introduced between the ties and roadbed
Railroads · Transportation
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